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2019年維和學方向
《維和學綜合》科目考試大綱





目   錄




I．考查目標•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1
II．考試形式和試卷結構••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1
III．考查內容•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2
IV．參考試卷•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••8
V．參考答案•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••8
VI．參考書目••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••10







I．考查目標
一、基本要求
維和學綜合科目以“An Introduction to the United Nations Peace Operations”、“Principles and Guidelines for UN Peacekeeping Operations”為考查重點，要求在已有關于聯(lián)合國基本常識認知的基礎上，了解聯(lián)合國的基本職能，準確領會聯(lián)合國維和行動的原則與指導方針、聯(lián)合國維和行動安全方面的具體知識，具備結合現(xiàn)有知識技能，進行戰(zhàn)略設計、行動指揮和戰(zhàn)術構建的能力。
二、具體內容
需要認知和掌握的內容包括聯(lián)合國的基本職能及實現(xiàn)的途徑、聯(lián)合國在國際和平與安全領域的主要貢獻、聯(lián)合國和平行動主要內容（任務構成）及其發(fā)展演變解讀、聯(lián)合國實施維和行動的主要方式和基本流程、維和行動中應該完成的主要任務、聯(lián)合國維和行動的框架構成與職能演變、有效實施維和行動應該遵守的基本原則、聯(lián)合國維和行動的規(guī)劃與部署、維和任務區(qū)的建立與規(guī)劃管理、維和任務的移交與撤離等問題。

II．考試形式和試卷結構
一、試卷滿分及考試時間
試卷滿分150分，考試時間180分鐘
二、答題方式及語言
答題方式為閉卷，筆試；使用英語答題。
三、試卷內容結構
1. An Introduction to the United Nations Peace Operations.100分
2. Principles and Guidelines for UN Peacekeeping Operations.50分
四、試卷題型結構
1.概念題，共8題，總分40分
2.簡答題，共4題，總分60分
3.論述題，共2題，總分50分


III．考查內容
一、An Introduction to the United Nations Peace Operations
　　Overview of the United Nations
1．The Main Functions of the United Nations
1.1  Maintain International Peace and Security
1.1.1 Security Council
1.1.2 General Assembly
1.1.3 Preventive Diplomacy and Mediation
1.1.4 Peacekeeping
1.1.5 Peacebuilding
1.1.6 Countering Terrorism
1.1.7 Disarmament
1.2  Promote Sustainable Development
1.2.1 A Sustainable Development Agenda
1.2.2 The Millennium Development Goals
1.2.3 Climate Change
1.2.4 Disaster Risk Reduction
1.2.5 Gender equality and empowering women and girls
1.2.6 What are the main UN offices and programmes working on development
1.2.7 What UN bodies work to promote development
1.3  Protect Human Rights
1.3.1 High Commissioner for Human Rights
1.3.2 Human Rights Council
1.3.3 Special Procedures
1.3.4 What legal instruments help the UN protect human rights
1.3.5 Democracy
1.3.6 Security Council
1.3.7 Third Committee of the General Assembly
1.3.8 Various Other UN Bodies
1.3.9 Secretary-General
1.3.10 UN Peace Operations
1.3.11 Commission on the Status of Women
1.4  Uphold International Law
1.4.1 International Court of Justice
1.4.2 Courts and Tribunals
1.4.3 What Is International Law
1.4.4 The Security Council and International Law
1.4.5 The General Assembly and International Law
1.4.6 General Assembly - Sixth Committee (Legal)
1.4.7 United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
1.4.8 The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
1.4.9 UN Treaty Database
1.4.10 The Internal Justice System at the United Nations
1.4.11 Legal Resources and Training
1.4.12 Programme of Assistance for International Law
1.5  Deliver Humanitarian Aid
1.5.1 OCHA and the UN system
1.5.2 What key UN entities deliver humanitarian aid
1.5.3 Helping refugees
1.5.4 Helping Children
1.5.5 Feeding the Hungry
1.5.6 Healing the Sick
2．Maintain International Peace and Security
2.1  Preventive Diplomacy and Mediation
2.1.1 Preventive Diplomacy
2.1.2 Mediation
2.1.3 Peacemaking
2.1.4 Political Missions and Good Offices Engagements
2.1.5 Investigative Mandates and Fact-Finding Missions
2.1.6 Peace and Development Advisers and Liaison Offices
2.2  Peacekeeping
2.2.1 Military
2.2.2 Police
2.2.3 Civil affairs
2.2.4 Rule of law
2.2.5 Electoral assistance
2.2.6 Security Sector Reform
2.2.7 Mine Action
2.2.8 Gender and peacekeeping
2.2.9 Field support
2.2.10 Conduct and discipline
2.2.11 Protection of civilians
2.2.12 Environment and sustainability
2.2.13 Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
2.2.14 Children in conflict
2.2.15 Human rights
2.2.16 Resources
2.3  Peacebuilding
2.3.1 The Peacebuilding Commission (PBC)
2.3.2 Peacebuilding Fund
2.3.3 The PBF and Gender Equality
2.3.4 Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO)
2.4 Countering Terrorism
2.4.1 United Nations General Assembly Adopts Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
2.4.2 Resolution: The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy
2.4.3 Plan of Action
2.4.4 Measures to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism
2.4.5 Measures to prevent and combat terrorism
2.4.6 Measures to build States' capacity
2.4.7 Measures to ensure respect for human rights
2.5  Disarmament
2.5.1 Disarmament Issues
2.5.2 Disarmament in the General Assembly
2.5.3 Disarmament in the Security Council
2.5.4 United Nations Disarmament Commission
2.5.5 Conference on Disarmament
2.5.6 Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters
2.5.7 The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research
2.5.8 The United Nations Programme of Fellowships on Disarmament
2.5.9 UNODA Offices Away from Headquarters
2.5.10 Databases
3．Peacekeeping operations
3.1 What is peacekeeping
3.1.1 Peace and security
3.1.2 History of peacekeeping
3.1.3 Reform of peacekeeping
3.1.4 Role of the General Assembly
3.1.5 Role of the Security Council
3.1.6 Forming a new operation
3.1.7 Peacekeepers Day
3.1.8 Principles of UN peacekeeping
3.1.9 Success in peacekeeping
3.1.10 Mandates and the legal basis for peacekeeping
3.1.11 Partnerships
3.1.12 United Nations Medals
3.1.13 Dag Hammarskjöld and UN Peacekeeping
3.2  Current peacekeeping operations
3.2.1 Peacekeeping Fact Sheet
3.2.2 Current operations
3.3  Past peacekeeping operations
3.3.1 Africa
3.3.2 Americas
3.3.3 Asia and the Pacific
3.3.4 Europe
3.3.5 Middle East
3.4  Forming a new operation
3.4.1 Initial consultation
3.4.2 Technical field assessment
3.4.3 Security Council resolution
3.4.4 Appointment of senior officials
3.4.5 Planning and deployment
3.4.6 Deployment
3.4.7 Who provides peacekeepers
3.4.8 Reporting to the Security Council
3.5  Financing peacekeeping
3.5.1 How much does peacekeeping cost
3.5.2 How are resources budgeted
3.5.3 How are peacekeepers compensated

二、Principles and Guidelines for UN Peacekeeping Operations
1．The Normative Framework for United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
1.1 The Charter of the United Nations
1.2 Human Rights
1.3 International Humanitarian Law
1.4 Security Council Mandates
2．The Developing Role of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
2.1 The Spectrum of Peace and Security Activities
2.2 Linkages and Grey Areas
2.3 The Core Business of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
2.4 Peacebuilding Activities
2.5 Supporting Other Actors
3．The Basic Principle for United Nations Peacekeeping
3.1 Applying the Basic Principles of United Nations Peacekeeping
3.2 Other Success Factors
4．Deciding to Deploy a United Nations Peacekeeping Operation
4.1 Assessing the Options for United Nations Engagement
4.2 Key Lessons for Planners and Decision Makers
4.3 The Importance of Consultations with Contributing Countries
5．Planning a United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
5.1 The Integrated Approach
5.2 The Integrated Mission Planning Process (IMPP)
6．Deployment and Start-up of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
6.1 Typical Phases of Deployment
6.2 The Mission Start-Up Process
6.3 Managing the Mission Start-Up Process
7．Managing United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
7.1 The Relationship between Headquarters and the Field
7.2 The Challenge of Mission Integration and Coordination
8．Supporting and Sustaining United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
8.1 United Nations Logistics and Administration
8.2 Human Resource Management
8.3 Security of Personnel
9．Maintaining Support for the Mission
9.1 Managing Mission Impact
9.2 Communications and Outreach
10．Transition and Exit
10.1 Partnerships and Transition Planning
10.2 Hand-Over and Withdrawal
IV．參考試卷
一、概念題（共8題，總分40分）
例1. Main functions of the United Nations.
二、簡答題（共4題，總分60分）
例1. Who is the Designated Official and how does he function?
三、論述題（共2題，總分50分）
例1. How does a new operation come into being?

V．參考答案
一、概念題（共8題，總分40分）
例1. Main functions of the United Nations..
The possible answer:
United Nations function in five fields: Maintain International Peace and Security, （1′） Promote Sustainable Development, （1′） Protect Human Rights, （1′） Uphold International Law, （1′） Deliver Humanitarian Aid. （1′）
二、簡答題（共4題，總分60分）
例1. Who is the Designated Official and how does he function?
The possible answer.
In each country, the Designated Official is the person responsible for the security management arrangements of the United Nations system. （5′）
The Designated Official, acting in consultation with the Security Management Team and other senior officials of United Nations organizations in the country. （5′）
He will maintain liaison with the government of the host country on matters concerning the security and protection of the organizations’ staff members, their spouses and their eligible dependants. （5′）
三、論述題（共2題，總分50分）
例1. How does a new operation come into being?
The possible answer.
The Security Council determines the deployment of a new UN Peacekeeping operation, and a number of steps have to happen before that decision is reached. （2′）
Firstly, it needs initial consultation. As a conflict develops, worsens, or approaches resolution, the UN is frequently involved in a number of consultations to determine the best response by the international community. These consultations would likely involve: All relevant United Nations actors; The potential host government and the parties on the ground; Member States, including States that might contribute troops and police to a peacekeeping operation; Regional and other intergovernmental organizations; Other relevant key external partners. During this initial phase the UN Secretary-General may request a strategic assessment to identify all possible options for UN engagement. （4′）
Secondly, it needs technical field assessment. As soon as security conditions permit, the Secretariat usually deploys a technical assessment mission to the country or territory where the deployment of a UN Peacekeeping operation is envisaged. The assessment mission analyzes and assesses the overall security, political, military, humanitarian and human rights situation on the ground, and its implications for a possible operation. Based on the findings and recommendations of the assessment mission, the UN Secretary-General will issue a report to the Security Council. This report will present options for the establishment of a peacekeeping operation as appropriate including its size and resources. The report will also include financial implications and statement of preliminary estimated costs. （4′）
Thirdly, the Security Council resolution should reach an agreement. If the Security Council determines that deploying a UN Peacekeeping operation is the most appropriate step to take, it will formally authorize this by adopting a resolution. The resolution sets out the operation’s mandate and size, and details the tasks it will be responsible for performing. The budget and resources are then subject to General Assembly approval. （4′）
Fourthly, the Secretary-General will have to appoint some senior officials. The Secretary-General normally appoints a Head of Mission (usually a Special Representative) to direct the peacekeeping operation. The Head of Mission reports to the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations at the UN Headquarters. The Secretary-General also appoints a peacekeeping operation’s Force Commander and Police Commissioner, and senior civilian staff. The Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) and the Department of Field Support (DFS) are then responsible for staffing the civilian components of a peacekeeping operation. （3′）
Fifthly, it needs careful planning and deployment. In the meantime, the Head of Mission and DPKO-DFS lead the planning for the political, military, operational and support (i.e., logistics and administration) aspects of the peacekeeping operation. The planning phase usually involves the establishment of a Headquarters-based joint working group or integrated mission task force, with participation of all relevant UN departments, funds and programmes. （4′）
And the last step is to deploy the peacekeepers. Deployment of an operation proceeds then as quickly as possible, taking into account the security and political conditions on the ground. It often starts with an advance team to establish mission headquarters and leads to a gradual build-up to encompass all components and regions, as required by the mandate. （4′）

VI．參考書目
一、An Introduction to the United Nations Peace Operations. Compiled by the Teaching and Research Section. China Peacekeeping Police Training Center. April 2016.
二、Principles and Guidelines for UN Peacekeeping Operations. Harvey J. Langholtz edited. Peace Operations Training Institute. October 2010